Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay

Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay Keshin Himura is a 42-year-old patient diagnosed with pituitary prolactinoma, a benign tumor that arises from the pituitary gland, resulting in a decrease in libido and impotence and increased milk production of the breast. The patient also has complaints of headache and drowsiness and the presence of visual field changes and papilledema preoperatively. What postoperative care should the nurse provide the patient? The nurse should provide the following postoperative care to the patient: Evaluate gag reflex and ability to swallow Offer semisoft diet Perform neurologic checks Monitor vital signs Maintain neurologic flow chart Reorient patient when necessary to person, time and place If with seizures, carefully monitor and and protect from injury Check motor function at intervals Assess for sensory disturbances Evaluate speech The patients family asks the nurse how will they know that the problems the patient had before surgery have stopped; what is the nurses best response? Through observation, conducting series of test that will be provided by the physician (e.g. MRI, CT scans) to check if the tumors are already diminished, because presence of tumor will still inhibit the signs and symptoms of the disorder. The primary objective of the surgical intervention is to remove or destroy the entire tumor without increasing the neurologic deficit and to relieve symptoms by decompression. And if there is no evidence of tumor, the normal levels of hormone would return in usual, the patient will no longer experience the symptoms of the disease. What management strategies should the nurse anticipate will be ordered to care for diabetes insipidus if it occurs? The objective of the therapy is: To replace ADH To ensure adequate fluid replacement To correct the underlying intracranial problem (pituitary prolactinoma) A fluid deprivation test is ordered by the physician to confirm for the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus by: withholding fluids by 8 to 12 hours Patient is weighed frequently during the test Plasma and urine osmolality studies are performed at the beginning and end of the test. The inability to increase the specific gravity and osmolality of the urine is an indication of Diabetes insipidus Pharmacologic Therapy Administer Desmopressin (DDAVP) intranasally, BID as ordered Nursing Management Establish baseline data ( weight, BP, I/O patter), Monitor BP and weight frequently throughout therapy and report sudden changes to physician Monitor I/O and specific gravity and serum osmolality as ordered If patient has Coronary artery disease, use this drug with caution as this drug causes vasoconstriction Avoid concentrated fluids as this increase urine volume What discharge instructions should the nurse provide the patient and family? Most patients will spend at least one night in the intensive care unit (ICU) and then typically 2 or 3 additional nights on a regular (non-ICU) ward after surgery The patient will likely have some incisional pain and mild to moderate headache for which he will be given pain medication. A CT scan or MRI will be ordered before discharge Ask patient to return 2-3weeks after surgery Inform patient to return 2-3months after 1st check-up Inform family to watch out for signs of DI (intense thirst, frequent urination). Refer immediately Management of Patients with Neurologic Dysfunction  Ã‚   Case Study 2 Hiehachi Nishima, a 22-year-old patient who weighs 150 pounds, presents to the emergency department (ED) after being thrown from his horse and passing out for a few minutes; he regained consciousness. The friend who was also riding a horse called the squad. The patient presented with a GCS of 15, and the neuro exam was within normal limits (WNL). The ED physician wrote the orders for a CT scan without contrast of the head, CBC, renal and metabolic profile, PT, PTT, and INR. The nurse sent the labs and had the IV of NS at keep-open rate per ED protocol hanging. The nurse was awaiting radiology to call for the patient to go for the CT when the patient had an epileptic cry, became unconscious, stiffened his entire body, and then had violent muscle contractions. The respirations are very shallow, and the lips and nail bed became blue. The patient lost control of bladder and bowel. The patient bit his tongue and blood is coming from the mouth. The radiology department calls and is ready f or the patient. List in the correct order the actions that should be taken by the nurse. Before and during a seizure, the patient is assessed and the following items are documented: The circumstances before the seizure The occurrence of aura The first thing the patient does in the seizure where movements or stiffness begins, conjugate gaze position, position of head The type of movements in the part of the body involved The areas of the body involved The size of the pupils and whether the eyes are open Whether the eyes or the head are turned to one side The presence or absence of automatisms Incontinence of urine or stool Unconsciousness and its duration Any obvious paralysis or weakness of arms or legs after the seizure Inability to speak after the seizure Movements at the end of the seizure Whether or not the patient sleeps or not afterwards Cognitive status after the seizure In addition to providing data about the seizure, nursing care is directed at preventing injury and supporting the patient not only physically but also psychologically. Consequences such as anxiety, embarrassment, fatigue, and depression can be devastating to the patient. After the patient has a seizure, the nurses role is to document the events leading to and occurring during and after the seizure to prevent complications. Explain what type of seizure the patient is having, and describe the three phases of the patients seizure and the specific nursing care for each stage. The patient had a tonic-clonic (gran mal) seizure. There are three phases namely the aura, the tonic and the clonic phase. In the aura phase is the forewarning of an epileptic attack. It characterized by episodes of Dà ©jà   vu or Jamais vu. The client may also have auditory, olfactory, or even visual hallucinations, abnormal tastes, and tingling sensations. Physical symptoms include dizziness, headache, lightheadedness, nausea, numbness. Though in this case, the client did not show signs of the aura phase. *Nsg Mgt: Provide privacy and protect the patient from curious onlookers Patients who have an aura may have time to seek a safe, private place Ease the patient to the floor, if possible Loosen constrictive clothing Push aside any furniture that may injure the patient during a seizure If an aura precedes the seizure, insert an oral airway to reduce the possibility of the patients biting the tongue The next is the tonic phase. It is usually the shortest part of the seizure, lasting not more than only a few seconds. In this case, it is when the patient had an epileptic cry, became unconscious and stiffened his entire body. *Nsg Mgt: Protect the head with a pad to prevent injury from striking a hard surface If the patient is in bed, remove pillows and raise side rails The last is the clonic phase. It is when the client had violent muscle contractions, very shallow respirations, the lips and nail beds became blue, lost control of bladder and bowel and bit his tongue. *Nsg Mgt: Do not attempt to pry open jaws that are clenched in a spasm or to insert anything. Broken teeth and injury to the lips and tongue may result from such an action. No attempt should be made to restrain the patient during the seizure because muscular contractions are strong and restraint can cause injury If possible, place the patient on one side with head flexed forward, which allows the tongue to fall forward and facilitates drainage of saliva and mucus. If suction is available, use if necessary to clear secretions. The ED physician orders the following: Valium (diazepam) 10 mg every 10 to 15 minutes prn for seizures (maximum dose of 30 mg). Once seizures stop, administer Dilantin (phenytoin) 10 mg/kg IVPB. ECG monitoring continuously, VS, GCS, neuro checks every 30 minutes. Explain what meds the nurse should provide, in what order, and how they should be administered. The nurse should provide Valium injection (diazepam) 10 mg IM PRN every 10 to 15 mins. (max 30mg) for his seizure to relief the muscle spasm. For the long term relief, administer Dilantin (phenytoin) 10 mg/kg IVPB loading dose STAT, once the seizures stop. Dilantin (phenytoin) is an anti-seizure medication (anticonvulsant), especially to prevent tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures and complex partial seizures (psychomotor seizures).We use piggyback to administer different IV drugs at different times. Dilantin can cause irritability to the veins and can cause serious tissue and/or nerve damage if it infiltrates. So we should administer it with normal saline. Draw up the drugs in a syringe and attach it to the piggyback port on the IV tubing cassette, which is run concurrently with the primary IV fluid (normal saline). Run it slowly and keep an eye on the ECG monitor. This ECG monitoring should be done continuously to help identify irregular heartbeats. For the vital signs, Glasgow coma scale and neuro V/S, it should be check every 30 minutes to provide reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. Group Assignments Have each member address nursing management related to caring for an unconscious patient. Preventing Urinary Retention Palpate bladder at intervals to determine whether urinary retention is present If patient is not voiding, an indwelling catheter is inserted and connected to a closed drainage system as ordered Observe for fever and cloudy urine for infection Observe the area around the urethral orifice for any drainage As soon as consciousness is regained, a bladder-training program initiated Promote Bowel Function Assess abdomen for distention by listening for bowel sounds (irregular gurgling sounds should be heard every 5-20sec) Measuring the girth of the abdomen with a tape measure. Monitor for the number and consistency of bowel movements Perform rectal examination for signs of fecal impaction as ordered. Stool softeners may be prescribed and can be administered with tube feedings Glycerin suppository may be indicated to facilitate bowel emptying May require enema every other day to empty lower colon Maintain Skin and Joint Integrity Monitor pressure areas for possible ulcerations Establish a regular schedule of turning to avoid pressure, which can cause breakdown and necrosis of the skin This provides kinesthetic, proprioceptive and vestibular stimulation Avoid dragging and pulling the patient up in the bed, because this creates a shearing force and friction on the skin surface Maintain correct body position Passive exercise of the extremities is important to prevent contractures Splints or foam boots may be used to prevent foot drop and pressure of bedding on the toes Trochanter rolls may be used to support the hip joints and keep the legs in proper alignment Providing Mouth Care Inspect mouth for dryness, inflammation, and crusting Cleanse and rinse mouth carefully to remove secretions and crusts and to keep the mucous membranes moist Administer petrolatum on the lips to prevent drying, cracking and encrustations. If patient has an endotracheal tube, the tube should be moved to the opposite side of the mouth and lips Perform routine tooth brushing every 8hrs to decrease ventilator-associated pneumonia Maintaining the Airway Elevate the head of bed to 30 degrees to prevent aspiration. Place the client in lateral position to allow the jaw and tongue to fall forward to promote drainage of secretions. Suction for secretions as needed Maintain oral hygiene Chest physiotherapy and postural drainage to promote pulmonary hygiene Auscultate the patients chest every 8 hours to assess for any deviated breath sounds. If the patient has a mechanical ventilator, maintain the patency of the endotracheal tube or tracheostomy, provide oral care, monitor arterial blood gas measurements and maintaining ventilator settings. Protecting the Patient Raise side rails up as always to prevent injury Ensure the patients dignity during altered LOC, speaking to the client during nursing care activities. Maintaining Fluid Balance and Managing Nutritional Needs Assess skin turgor and mucous membrane for dryness Monitor for intake and output and determine the needs for catheterization Preserving Corneal Integrity Patients eyes may be cleansed with cotton balls moistened with sterile normal saline to remove any discharge. For artificial tears (prescription by the physician), may introduce every 2 hours. Maintaining Body Temperature The environment can be adjusted (depending on the patients condition) to promote normal body temperature. If body temperature is elevated, a minimum amount of bedding is used. For geriatric patients and doesnt have any elevated temperature, a warmer environment is needed. Providing Sensory Stimulation Communicate with patient, and encourage the family members to do it so. Orient the patient to time, date, and place once for every 8 hours. Have each group member develop a nursing diagnosis related to a patient with an altered level of consciousness. Identify potential problems and complications related to the nursing diagnosis. Nursing Diagnosis Potential Problems and Complications 1. Ineffective airway clearance related to altered level of consciousness Aspiration 2. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to prolonged immobility Bed sore Pressure ulceration 3. Impaired Urinary elimination: retention related to impairment in neurologic sensing and control Bladder distention Infection Formation of stones 4. Impaired tissue integrity of cornea related to diminished or absent corneal reflex Periorbital edema Ulcerations Corneal abrasions 5. Deficient fluid volume related to inability to take fluids by mouth Dehydration Cerebral edema 6. Interrupted family processes related to changes in the cognitive and physical status of their loved one Crisis Severe anxiety, denial, anger, remorse, grief, and reconciliation 7. Risk for injury related to decreased LOC Falls 8. Ineffective thermoregulation related to damage to hypothalamic center Hyperthermia 9. Impaired oral mucous membrane related to mouth breathing , absence of pharyngeal reflex and altered fluid intake Dryness Inflammation Crusting 10. Bowel incontinence related to impairment neurologic sensing and control Abdominal distention Diarrhea Frequent loose stools As a group, identify potential complications that may arise in the postoperative phase of cranial surgery. Increased ICP Monro-Kellie hypothesis states that, because of the limited space for expansion within the skull, an increase in any one of the components causes a change in the volume of the others.because brain tissue has limited space to expand, compensation typically is accomplished by displacing or shifting CSF, increasing the absorption or diminishing the production of CSF, or decreasing cerebral volume resulting to an increase ICP. Bleeding and hypovolemic shock An accumulation of blood under the bone flap (extradural, subdural, or intracerebral hematoma) may pose a threat to life. A clot must be suspected in any patient who does not awaken as expected or whose conditions deteriorates. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances IV solutions and blood component therapy for patients with intracranial conditions must be administered slowly. If they are administered too rapidly, they can increase ICP. The quantity of fluids administered may be restricted to minimize the possibility of cerebral edema. Infection The risk of infection is great when ICP is monitored with an intraventricular catheter and increases with the duration of the monitoring. Seizures Underlying cause is an electrical disturbance in the nerve cells in one section of the brain. An abnormal motor, sensory, autonomic, or physical activity that result from sudden excessive discharge from cerebral neurons. Have each group member identify a type of seizure. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each. Generalized Seizures: This are seizures that mainly involves electrical charges in the whole brain, its clinical manifestations includes loss of consciousness for a short or long period of time. Types of Seizure Clinical Manifestation Grand Mal or Generalized tonic-clonic Unconsciousness Convulsions Muscle rigidity Absence Short loss of unconsciousness Myoclonic Irregular jerky movements Clonic Repetitive jerky movements Tonic Muscle stiffness and rigidity Atonic Loss of muscle tone Diagnosis: Physical examination particularly neurologic examination EEG For temporary and reversible causes of seizures: Blood chemistry Blood sugar Complete Blood Count Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Kidney function test Liver function tests Test to determine the cause and location: EEG (electroencephalograph) to measure the electrical activity in the brain Head CT or MRI scan Lumbar puncture-spinal tap Treatment: When a seizure occurs, protect the person from injury, make the environment safe for you and the patient. Protect the patients head Loosen tight clothing Place the patient into a side-lying position if vomiting occurs Stay with patient until she or he is fully recovered Monitor the patients vital signs Medications such as anticonvulsants may be given as ordered to reduce the number of future seizures. The DONTs During Seizures: Dont restrain the patient Dont place anything between the patients teeth during a seizure Dont move the patient unless he or she is in danger or near something hazardous Dont try to stop the patient from convulsing. Partial Seizures: This are seizures that mainly involves electrical charges in one part of the brain, its clinical manifestations includes abnormal muscle movements, automatisms, abnormal sensations, hallucinations, nausea, sweating, dilated pupils, rapid heart rate and pulse rate, changes in vision. Types of Seizure Clinical Manifestation Simple (consciousness is intact) Jerky movements Muscle rigidity, spasm Unusual sensation Memory and emotional disturbance Complex (consciousness is impaired) Automatisms: lip smacking, chewing, walking and repetitive involuntary and coordinated movements Diagnosis: CT scan MRI EEG EEG-video recordings Treatment: Vagus Nerve Stimulation in which a small battery is implanted in the chest wall which will program to deliver short bursts of energy to the brain. Corpus Callosotomy is a type of surgical intervention that will cut the connections between the two sides of the brain that will prevent drop attacks.. Multiple sub-pial transection which is a surgical technique that will cut a certain connection between nerve cells.

Depression and Finding Help Essay -- Depression Psychiatry Psychology

Depression and Finding Help Depression is defined as an illness; the feelings of depression persist and interfere with a child or adolescent’s ability to function. Depression can be a very difficult and painful experience that affects not only the individual suffering from it, but also the people around them. There comes a point in some peoples’ lives where social isolation, low energy, sadness, low self-esteem, and the feeling of hopelessness, cannot be taken anymore. The feelings are so strong and persistent, that the victim becomes severely unhappy, which can then result in depression. Clinical depression has many related symptoms trouble sleeping, eating disorders, withdrawal and inactivity, self-punishment, and loss of pleasure. People that are depressed do not like to do things they may usually like to. However, there are many differences between feeling depressed and actually suffering from depression, the disease. Any person feels depressed at some time or another in their life. They feel worthless, tired and tend to want to be alone without human interaction, this is normal. Depression brings on poor concentration or inability to think and make decisions (Kist 26). Surveys that have been taken that show approximately 20 in 100 people suffer from depression at any one time. About one if four Americans will suffer from a depression over the course of their lifetime. Depression strikes men and women of all ages, in all races, but most studies indicate that women are more often afflicted. Depression comes in many different types: major, manic and dysthymia are a few. A chronic, physical illness, drug habit, death of a loved one; or a problem in a marriage cause major depression. Even though most people with major depression will recover, half will suffer another episode (Hales 38). People with severe cases of major depression can’t work, study, or interact and eventually can’t feed, clothe or clean themselves (Hales 38).Manic depression is a type of depres sion that goes from a person being extremely happy and then becoming severely depressed (Kist 107). Being in a depressed state can be life threatening. People suffering from manic depression show many symptoms. A few major ones are hyperactivity; talking fast, inability, fear of dying, and jumping from one topic to another during a conversation (Kist 39). Another type is Psychoanalysis. Psychoanaly... ...on to a better, more productive lifestyle. Overall, there are many causes of this unbearable disease, and often many times a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors are involved in the onset of a depressive disorder. However, the big risk factor in major depression is suicide. Within five years of suffering from major depression, an estimated 25% of sufferers try to kill themselves. Therefore, it is important to take action when confronted with the symptoms of this disease. Depression reaches many people and that is why I chose this as my topic. Depression is maybe the most painful illness, but it can be overcome. Hopefully everyone with depression seeks help either through medication or therapy. Bibliography Blackman, Maurice. You Asked about †¦ Adolescent Depression. Available at http://www.mental.health.com/mag1/pgs51-dp01.html Hales, Dianne. Depression. Chelsea House Publishers, New York, Philadelphia, 1989. Kist, Jay. "Dealing with Depression† Current Health 2 Jan.1997 25-28. Lytle, Victoria. The dark clouds of Depression. NEA Today Dec.1994. Spike Milligan and Anthony Clare. Depression and how to Survive it. Arrow 1994.

Coronary Artery Disease Essay

Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease, is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. This plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque occurs over many years. Over time, the plaque hardens which causes your coronary arteries to narrow, which limits the amount of oxygen and blood your muscles are supposed to get to function properly. Coronary Artery Disease is the leading cause of death in the United States because of the people’s not so healthy diet, lack of exercise, and tendency to smoke, which are the leading causes of Coronary artery disease. The symptoms might be very noticeable, or you might not experience anything when having CHD, one of the main symptoms is Angina which causes major chest pain or at least some discomfort or abnormal feeling on your chest. Also, you may feel like your chest is closing up and it will become harder for you to breathe, also may experience pain on your neck, lower back, and extremities, oh and not less important, fatigue and weakness are also symptoms. For treatment, your doctor will give you specific medications based on how severe your case is, eating habits will need to change, start exercising, and if a smoker, to quit smoking. Oh, very important to know, DO NOT under any circumstances, stop your medication, it will come back and probably worse than before it was treated. In very extreme cases, an angioplasty and stent placement, coronary artery bypass surgery, or a minimally invasive heart surgery will be needed in order to survive. Although everyone is different, early detection of CHD generally results in a better outcome. But after treatment, it’s not all gone; you might be stuck with some long-term effects. One of them being Unstable Angina, which I said was a severe chest pain due to not enough oxygen going to the lungs. Heart failure could also happen, due to the lack of blood and oxygen being transported to the heart, it weakens which makes everything much difficult than before, this is a heart failure. A long- term coronary artery disease could lead to suffering heart attacks, which happens when the artery is completely blocked, so no oxygen or blood flowing through whatsoever. Coronary artery disease is a very harmful disease when not treated, but being healthy could prevent it References: * http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/coronary-heart-disease/overview.html * http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/

President Trumans decision about dropping the bombs on Japan Essay Example

President Trumans decision about dropping the bombs on Japan Essay Example President Trumans decision about dropping the bombs on Japan Paper President Trumans decision about dropping the bombs on Japan Paper President Trumans decision to drop the bombs on Japan was justified As the twentieth century slowly dawned upon the world, there were many predicaments that lay ahead of the people of the United States; one of which was the Second World War. With the rise of communism and fascism, dictators like Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin gained power and threatened the well being of the people by ruling with an iron fist. Although not considered a dictator, Hideki Tojo of Japan also participated in such cruelties by attacking nations without properly declaring war. These leaders and autocratic rules killed thousands and millions of innocent people and embarked on a campaign to rule the entire world. Luckily for the Americans, these totalitarian leaders ruled in the nations of Europe and Asia, not directly affecting the United States. However, on December 7, 1941, as President Roosevelt put it, a date which will live in infamy, Japan’s greed in conquering the world got out of control and affected America. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, killing thousands of people and injuring many more. Although President Roosevelt had knowledge of what will happen if America were to enter the war, he had no choice but to enter the war on behalf of the Allies to avenge the deaths of thousands of Americans. The European campaign for the allies were very largely successful and the only thing left for the Allies to deal with was the Pacific Campaign into Japan. Unfortunately, in the midst of this chaos, President Roosevelt passed away and President Harry Truman was inaugurated into office. During this time, the American government researched and quickly harnessed the world’s most powerful weapon, the Atomic Bomb. Truman knew the consequences of dropping the bombs on Japan and thoroughly examined the positives and negatives of the bomb. In consideration of all this, the positives outweighed the negatives and the bombs were finally dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, two cities in Japan. President Truman had every right to drop the bombs on Japan in order to save lives and better America’s future as a world power. The bombs were dropped with a desire to save lives, nothing more and nothing less. The costs would have been innumerable and would have been crippling to the Americans if President Truman didn’t make the decision in dropping the bombs. One of the many costs that the Americans would have to pay would be the significant number of casualties that would have occurred if Americans were to have entered Japan and fight a war face to face. Some may consider the United States to be nothing more than coward for doing this, but it is far better than losing thousands of lives in war. The Japanese began to draft its entire population, including children and women. If the Americans were to have come face to face in combat with these soldiers, America would have suffered great losses; losses that would be impossible to fully recover from. Furthermore, sending troops into Japan and dropping a bomb on Japan is essentially almost the same concept; both are to decimate Japan into rubbles in order for the nation to surrender. So, why not choose the option of dropping bombs in Japan when it is much safer and more efficient than sending troops into Japan? With the attack of Pearl Harbor, Japan and the United States were officially in a state of war between each other. In a state of war, the main focus is to decimate the enemy by any means possible. This meaning, deploying troops into enemy territories creating blockades, and even dropping bombs on the enemy is perfectly legal. President Truman was entirely justified in deciding to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan. In any war, opposing nations killed enemy troops, decimated enemy cities into rubbles, and dropped bombs. Droppings bombs and deploying troops to kill enemy troops are one and the same; both result in the death of many. In any war, the point of war is to win. When it comes to war, the moral thoughts that govern society are not the same morals that govern the military. When in a state of war, the goal is to defeat your enemy, and keep your own men alive, so during the war, the lives of American soldiers were far more important to America than the lives of the Japanese; that was America’s goal- to take Japanese lives. Considering all this, why is it in then in this case that it is so controversial to take the lives of the Japanese population? Japan violated American territories, killed Americans, and caused a number of other problems for the United States; America suffered losses and to prevent further loss, President Truman had every right to make a decision in dropping the bombs over Japan. Considering the consequences of American entry in to the war, the United States closely scrutinized the results of war. President Roosevelt and Truman carefully examined the positives and negatives. In the case of Japan, President Truman believed dropping the bombs on Japan was a definite positive for America. Dropping the bombs on Japan helped better the future of America by preventing a large number of casualties in battles. The only initiative in dropping the bomb is to help quicken the ending of the war and save lives, not to cause pain and agony; thus, making Truman’s decision in dropping the bomb justified. Truman was also justified according to legal international laws. America and Japan were in a state of war and in a state of war, there is only one victor. The point of war is to win and the only way to do so is to decimate the opposing side by any means possible. Deploying troops, creating blockades, and dropping bombs are all one and the same; they all result in death. The reason in deploying troops is to kill enemy troops. The reason in creating a blockade is to block shipment into enemy nations; thus, causing a dearth in goods and food, causing starvation and eventual death. The reason in dropping bombs is to decimate cities into rubbles and demonstrate power. Thus, if all these result in death, why is it so controversial for President Truman to make a decision in bombing Japan? A bomb is a bomb; whether it is an A, B, or C bomb, they are all one and the same. Bombs were made to decimate cities and kill people. In war, saving lives and winning are the top priorities in war. President Truman decided to bomb Japan in order to save lives and to win the war; thus, President Truman was totally justified in making the decision in dropping the bombs.

Air Pollution Affects Us More Than We Think Professor Ramos Blog

Air Pollution Affects Us More Than We Think Did you know that air pollution does not just affect our environment and health, but that it also affects us psychologically? When someone says air pollution people usually tend to think of factories putting chemicals in the air, forest fires, or old cars. What they do not think of is all the problems that come out of air pollutions. When getting to know about pollution it is important to know other countries who have gone through it such as china, the type of health problems that it causes, the psychological issue, and the solution.Since 1982 China has dealt with the problem of air pollution. A majority of the pollution in China comes from the four major cities Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Shanghai that have an air quality level of PM 2.5. PM stands for particulate matter which is the particles found in the air such as dust, dirt, smoke, chemicals, etc. PM 2.5 means that the particles in the air are 2.5 micrometers. Our bodies are able to breath in and exhale PM10 particles and we will be fine, but for PM2.5 it â€Å"is much more dangerous to our health as it can penetrate deep into our lungs and enter our bloodstream.† (Health and safety, 7). The air quality in China has gotten so bad that it has contributed to 1.6 million deaths in 2014. To help solve the air pollution, China has many air quality monitors that monitor on the ground daily. The monitors have found out that â€Å"a wide variety of factors may influence the PM2.5 level, which may be closely related to environmental and industrial factors, we focus on inferring statistical dependence and causal relations between four major cities in China based on the PM2.5 measurement data as observational evidence.† (Min Kim, 6). Due to the monitors they are not certain that it is the factories that are the main source causing the bad air quality, but they are working on making the chemicals coming out of factories better.The type of health issues that air pollution can cause are nausea, diffi culty in breathing, skin irritation, or even cancer. It could also cause health problems such as birth defects, serious developmental delays in children, and reduced activity of the immune system. What happens is that heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, dioxins, etc. goes into the nervous system and causes those types of problems. â€Å"Moreover, there exist several susceptibility factors such as age, nutritional status and predisposing conditions.† (Kampa, Castanas, 11). Memory and attention are another common health problem that comes from air pollution. A study of air pollution exposure during children’s first year at life found that it associates â€Å"with reduced psychomotor development, as well as with autism spectrum disorder, and impairment in cognitive development.† (Rivas, 4). How they did this study is they got a group of kids between the ages of seven through ten from Barcelona, Spain and New York, New York to take three tests. The ns of th is is that people feel like if they are in a more polluted area, they can lie a lot easier. That they could do things to benefit them more if the air quality and the environment is not that healthy because in a polluted place, they already see the earth going downhill and think that telling the truth is unethical. If the air quality gets any worse and people do start lying more because they feel like it a common/acceptable thing to do than the world could spin into mayhem and become a more deceiving world. â€Å"Air pollution may increase individuals consideration of and desire for behavioral outcomes, especially material ones, and lead them to transgress rules to reach such outcomes.† (Wu, 5). Air pollution can also raise people’s anxiety and depression. Gloomy skies tend to make some people feel sadder and have the feeling of being sluggish. While for anxiety air pollution can cause the person to feel uneasy and worried about the environment and nervous of what this will cause.To help solve the problem of air pollution one thing that commoners can contribute to is the type of cars a person has. To reduce the air quality and meet the legal limits a way to fix cars outtake on pollution is a new combustion processes for internal combustion engines. A new combustion that we are trying out is called the HCCI combustion. â€Å"The HCCI combustion process is a form of low temperature combustion [1] and has the advantages of lower emissions of NOx, compared to both compression ignition and spark ignition (SI) mode of operation, and at the same time of high efficiency (diesel like efficiency numbers).† (Vucetic, 2). A problem with the HCCI is the sensitivity to the intake air temperature. The intake of air can go up to 200 degrees Celsius; if the temperature goes any higher the exhaust will go out. There are still studies on it and making the engine better for cars, so that we can reduce the air pollution.It is important to acknowledge this probl em because it will not only affect our environment and make the world a gloomier and more polluted place, but that it will affect our health in a negative way causing things such as asthma, skin dieses, cancer, etc. It will also make the world a more chaotic place when it starts affecting our behaviors such as lying, depression, and anxiety. That’s why we need a plan of action, even something as small as fixing engines of our cars, so that we are not spreading chemicals around the world.Castanas, Elias. Kampa, Marilena. Science Direct. 10 June 2007. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.465.5144rep=rep1type=pdf Health and Safety in Shanghai. 2019. https://www.healthandsafetyinshanghai.com/china-air-quality.html Min Kim, Jong. PLOS ONE. 14 March 2019. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6sid=5c5a3c67-eab7-49da-b552-a2afd415fbf7%40pdc-v-sessmgr02 Rivas, Ioar. Environmental Health Perspectives. 9 May 2019. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10. 1289/EHP3169 Vucetic, Ante. Department of IC Engines and Transportation Systems. 15 March 2018. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4sid=efa52648-0080-49a6-b8b7-ce55591f86c6%40pdc-v-sessmgr01 Wu, Song. Wang, Tingbin. PLOS ONE. 29 April 2019. http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5sid=a51dba5c-09a0-4156-8024-e411fd2c9654%40sessionmgr4007

Technology and organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology and organisations - Essay Example Apart from making work easy for the company, computers assist them in strict record keeping and quick and reliable filling for future reference. However, not all good related to computer or technology are always recommended, technology also has a set of drawbacks that when not properly use, might lead to disadvantages instead of the predicted advantages in any organization or workplace (JONES & SAAD, 2003). This paper examines technology and organization by looking at the case study of the computer industry. An examination of the case study of IBM reveals that the company dominated the computer industry by creating and producing products and services throughout the value chain. Their operations ranged from the production of microprocessor to the provision of solutions to computer problems experienced by customers. However, the advent over reliance on technology has led to an anti-social change in the vertical structure of IBM. The vertical structure of the company is experiencing change because the latest technology allows for members of coalitions to specialize in the area of expertise apart from their main field. In addition, the team structure use by IBM has also faced changes due to technological advancements therefore replacing the traditional hierarchical forms that were very critical in an organization. Technology has pushed the information era age of IBM to a new era because industries which did not incorporate technology into their operation failed in the process of operation d ue to the stiff competition posed by those companies applying technology in their own operations. This saw a sudden shift of organization in the wide use of technology to cut or have an edge on the competition with rival companies. The functional structure of IBM was rigid in the beginning, hence could not allow for the process

Foundations and It Starts with Me Research Paper

Foundations and It Starts with Me - Research Paper Example Moreover, this foundation would reduce the complexity of educational activities undertaken by this learning community. As a result, this foundation would have the most impact in this educational community. Introduction of this foundation in this educational community is a challenging task. This is because the educational community consists of several people with different abilities and roles. Several ways exist that can be used to introduce this foundation in an educational community. One of them is thinking processes involved in learning to educational activities. This method has been identified as an effective way of introducing system thinking among individuals involved in the learning process (Tilbury & Wartman, 2004). This could be done using thinking projects. If thinking projects and activities undertaken by educators and students were linked, the educators and students would be required to employ systematic thinking in the process of learning. This would have introduced system-thinking foundation to our learning community. As a result, the learning process in this community would be greatly improved. Building personal mastery among individuals in an educational community is essential. Senge describes building personal mastery as deepening personal vision, focusing energies, developing patience, and viewing reality objectively (Green & Stonkosky, 2010). This requires action to be taken. The action to take in building personal mastery in my educational community is encouraging members of this educational community to apply their creativity in the learning organization. This could be done by use of motivational tools and other incentives. These motivational tools and incentives would be employed to both educators and students. It is suspected that this would encourage individual’s creativity thus deepen their personal vision and